Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards What is Dragonfly Mercury Project? Mercury is a potent neurotoxin, and its release into the environment can lead to severe health issues for both humans and wildlife. It can contaminate water, air, and soil. In water, it can transform into methylmercury, a highly toxic form that can bioaccumulate in the food chain, posing a significant risk to aquatic life and those who consume contaminated fish and seafood. Mercury pollution in the environment is primarily caused by human activities, such as small-scale gold mining, coal-fired power plants, industrial processes, the use of mercury-containing fungicides and pesticides, and improper waste disposal. Natural sources also contribute to a lesser extent. While human activities are the primary cause of mercury pollution, natural sources, such as volcanic eruptions and weathering of rocks, also release small amounts of mercury into the environment. The Dragonfly Mercury Project is a scientific research initiative primarily in the U.S. focused on studying mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems, specifically using dragonflies as bioindicators. Dragonflies, as aquatic insects, spend a significant portion of their life cycle in water as nymphs before emerging as adults. They are also predatory insects, feeding on other aquatic organisms, which makes them effective bioindicators of mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems. The mercury levels in dragonfly larvae (nymphs) reflect the amount of mercury present in their aquatic habitats, providing valuable information on mercury pollution in these environments. Sources: https://www.fs.usda.gov/.../dragonfly-larvae-help-detect ... https://geonarrative.usgs.gov/dmp/

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards Air Conditioners vs Fans Fans vs. Air Conditioners: Energy Use and Heat Safety Fans and air conditioners cool people in different ways. Fans use far less electricity, but air conditioners are more effective during extreme heat because they lower indoor air temperature and humidity. Energy Use Electricity use varies by model, size, efficiency, speed setting, and outdoor conditions. Watts measure the rate at which an appliance uses power. For example, a 50-watt fan running for one hour uses 50 watt-hours, or 0.05 kilowatt-hours, of electricity. Central air conditioning: A central air-conditioning system commonly uses several thousand watts while operating. Around 3,500 watts is a reasonable example for some residential systems, but actual use can range widely depending on the home, system capacity, efficiency, thermostat setting, insulation, and weather. Window air conditioner: Many window units use roughly 500 to 1,500 watts while running, depending on cooling capacity and efficiency. ENERGY STAR recommends selecting a room air conditioner based on the size of the room being cooled. Oversized units can waste energy and may not remove humidity as effectively. Ceiling fan: Many ceiling fans use about 15 to 75 watts, depending on motor type, blade size, and speed. Efficient models may use less. Small box fan: A small box fan, around 10 inches or less, may use approximately 25 to 30 watts at high speed. Large box fan: A 20-inch box fan often uses about 50 to 100 watts, although some models can use more. Check the appliance label, product specifications, or a plug-in electricity monitor for the most accurate number. How They Cool Fans move air across the skin. This can improve comfort by helping sweat evaporate, but fans do not lower the actual temperature of a room or remove moisture from indoor air. Air conditioners remove heat from indoor air and transfer it outdoors. They also reduce indoor humidity as they operate, which can make indoor conditions safer and more comfortable during hot, humid weather. Heat Safety Fans can be a practical, low-energy way to improve comfort in moderately warm conditions. However, they should not be the only cooling strategy during extreme heat. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that electric fans may provide comfort, but when temperatures reach the high 90s Fahrenheit, they may not prevent heat-related illness. During dangerous heat, moving to an air-conditioned location, taking a cool shower or bath, drinking water regularly, and checking on people at higher risk can be safer options. Indoor temperatures can differ substantially from outdoor weather reports because of sun exposure, building materials, insulation, ventilation, window placement, and the amount of heat stored in the building. Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness and is a medical emergency. Warning signs can include confusion, fainting, altered mental status, seizures, very high body temperature, and hot skin. Call 911 immediately if someone may have heat stroke and begin cooling them while waiting for emergency help. Bottom Line Fans are inexpensive to operate and useful for air circulation and personal comfort. Air conditioners use more electricity but are more effective at lowering indoor temperature and humidity, especially during extreme heat. When heat becomes dangerous, prioritize health and safety. Use air conditioning when available, seek public cooling centers or other air-conditioned spaces if needed, stay hydrated, and do not rely on a fan alone to prevent heat-related illness. Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Extreme Heat Guidebook” https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/extreme-heat-guidebook.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Heat and Health” https://www.cdc.gov/heat-health/about/index.html ENERGY STAR, “Room Air Conditioners” https://www.energystar.gov/products/room_air_conditioners ENERGY STAR, “Low- to No-Cost Tips for Saving Energy at Home” https://www.energystar.gov/products/recent_program_updates/low-no-cost-tips Battery Equivalents, “Box Fan Wattage: How Many Watts and Amps Does a Box Fan Use?” https://www.batteryequivalents.com/box-fan-wattage-how-many-watts-and-amps-does-a-box-fan-use.html

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards The Leonid meteor: when sky fell The Leonid meteor storm in November 1833 was of such astonishing intensity that it sent shivers down the spines of many, conjuring vivid visions of an impending Armageddon!! A spectacular meteor storm known as the Leonid meteor storm lit up the sky across the United States, with an estimated 50,000 to 150,000 meteors falling every hour. According to newspaper reports, nearly everyone witnessed it, stirred either by the commotion in the streets or by the dazzling glow of fireballs illuminating their bedroom windows. The meteor storm was exceptionally intense because it resulted from the Earth passing through the densest part of the debris trail left behind by the comet Tempel-Tuttle. This particular comet has an orbit that intersects with Earth's path around the Sun. When the Earth crosses this debris trail, it leads to a concentrated and dramatic display of meteors. F.Y.I., the Leonid meteor shower is expected to produce another intense meteor storm in 2099 if you can manage to live a long life. This is because Earth will pass through the same dense region of debris that caused the 1833 storm. Anyway, how do you think this event was well-documented and recorded in 1833? Denison Olmsted, a Yale professor, was among those who witnessed this extraordinary event. He had limited data to study, so he appealed to the public through newspapers to provide information about the phenomenon. This crowdsourcing effort, one of the earliest of its kind, resulted in a flood of responses from people all over the country, which Olmsted used to draw new conclusions about meteors. Newspapers played a crucial role in spreading Olmsted's call for information and reporting on the meteor storm, demonstrating the power of mass media in scientific research. Anyway, how do you think this event was well-documented and recorded in 1833? Denison Olmsted, a Yale professor, was among those who witnessed this extraordinary event. He had limited data to study, so he appealed to the public through newspapers to provide information about the phenomenon. This crowdsourcing effort, one of the earliest of its kind, resulted in a flood of responses from people all over the country, which Olmsted used to draw new conclusions about meteors. Newspapers played a crucial role in spreading Olmsted's call for information and reporting on the meteor storm, demonstrating the power of mass media in scientific research. Anyway, CHECK OUT THE EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT in the link below. So fascinating!! https://josephsmithfoundation.org/meteor-shower-of-1833/ Sources: https://blogs.loc.gov/.../how-newspapers-helped.../ https://www.amsmeteors.org/met.../meteor-shower-calendar/ ... . https://www.space.com/9517-leonid-meteor-shower-revealed ... Joseph Smith’s account of the 1833 meteor shower, as written in the Times and Seasons (Vol. 6) (May 15, 1845) Artworks: - Meteor shower over the Mississippi River, 1833 by North Winds - Sketch of Leonid Meteor Shower of 1833 - "The Night the Stars Fell from the Sky," by Swiss artist Karl Jauslin - LEONID METEOR SHOWER, 1833. Meteor shower at Niagara Falls, 13 November 1833: wood engraving, 19th century.

Uncover the impact of air pollution, climate change, and atmospheric science on our world. Learn about policies and innovations aimed at improving air quality. Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards Go to Insights Air & Space Go to Climate Change Go to Technology Go to Biodiversity Anchor 1 Biodiversity and Habitats How to prevent bird collision Watch "Saving Monarchs" What Birds Tell Us About Climate Change The Relationship Between Climate Change and Honey Production The Relationship Between Climate Change and Honey Production Impact of Monoculture Farming 1,000 Migrating Birds Die in One Night After Striking a Single Building Wildfires and Habitat Loss Drive Monarch Butterflies to Near-Historic Lows Bald Eagles Thrive in the United States: A Wildfire Prevent PM2.5 particles exposure from wildfires According to WHO, smoke from wildfires contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which poses significant health risks. Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with premature deaths and can exacerbate diseases of the lungs, heart, and other organs. TECHNOLOGY GenCast: an advanced AI-based weather forecasting model by Google DeepMind Ultra-Efficient Wind Turbine Designed by Artificial Intelligence How they detected a significant methane leak in Gloucestershire in 2023 Dragonfly Mercury Project NASA’s EMIT produced its first global maps of hematite, goethite, and kaolinite in Earth’s dry regions Puquios in Peru: Defying Arid Odd History and Effectiveness of Windbreaks and Tree Lines Bioengineered Trees: Living Carbon’s Breakthrough in Sustainable Timber and Carbon Capture Historic First Space Littering Fine Issued Algae Systems: A Breakthrough in Urban Air Purification What it takes to remove Forever Chemical The Environmental Cost of Generative AI: Balancing Innovation with Sustainability Solar Power for the University of Pittsburgh Campus Economic Benefits of Wind Power Insights The Growing Threat: How Hackers Can Exploit Solar The Leonid Meteor Shower The day sky dropped Celebrating Celestial Wonder The Growing Threat: How Hackers Can Exploit Solar Panels and the Power Grid Red Honey, Maraschino Cherries, and a Secret Marijuana Empire in Brooklyn Save $$ by learning peak of off peak hours of power usage Federal Agency Considering Gas Stove Ban Myth busting about Indoor Plants as Air Purifier Describe your image here. Hydroclimate Whiplash and Dry Climate are Fueling Cooling Center List during Heat Waves Sharing the vision of eclipse through recycling Fire Risks of Space Heaters Fan vs AC Wildfires Are Growing Stronger and Harder to Extinguish: Causes, Challenges, and Solutions Microplastic fibers to the stratosphere

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards The Impact of Monoculture Farming on Bees Monocultures: the practice of growing just one single crop in a specific area at one time . Research increasingly shows that agricultural landscapes dominated by monocultures can support fewer and less diverse bee communities than landscapes containing more diverse crops and natural vegetation. What Studies Show A 2019 study in southeastern Mexico directly compared monocultures, polycultures, and pastures across 18 sites. Researchers recorded 127 bee species and found that polycultures and pastures had significantly greater bee species richness than monocultures. The study concluded that lower-intensity agricultural systems and landscapes with more forest supported greater bee diversity. Research in the U.S. Midwest has produced similar findings. A longitudinal study in an agricultural region dominated by corn and soybean production found that wild-bee communities were less species-rich in landscapes with a high proportion of crop production. Woodland and grassland habitat were associated with greater bee richness, particularly among rarer and more specialized species. The researchers concluded that large-scale monocultures had a greater impact on bee communities than the presence of small honey-bee apiaries. Another study followed honey-bee colonies in a landscape dominated by corn and soybeans. The colonies experienced a short period of growth when soybean fields were flowering, followed by a much longer period of limited forage. Several measures of bee health declined during this period. When the bees had access to native prairie vegetation, those declines were reversed. A global analysis of 39 crop systems also found that bee abundance and species richness were generally higher in diversified fields and landscapes with more high-quality habitat. The researchers specifically noted that maintaining habitat around farms and improving agricultural management could help offset the effects of intensive monoculture agriculture. More Flowers Does Not Always Mean Better Habitat Monoculture can create an unusual situation. When a crop such as sunflower or soybean is flowering, it can provide an enormous amount of food at once and temporarily attract large numbers of bees. But when flowering ends, much of that food disappears. A study of sunflower monocultures in California found that mass-flowering crops increased bee abundance, but higher bee abundance was associated with greater parasite presence when there were few non-crop flowers available. The researchers concluded that monoculture alone cannot provide the resources needed to support healthy bee communities. This creates a feast-and-famine cycle : abundant food for a short period, followed by a shortage of diverse floral resources. Why Diversity Matters Bees need more than flowers. They need a continuous supply of different pollen and nectar sources, nesting sites, and places to shelter and reproduce. Large monocultures can remove wildflowers, hedgerows, grasslands, and other habitats that provide these resources. Pesticides can add another pressure. A 2025 study analyzing 681 crop fields across three continents found that both pesticide hazard and the loss of semi-natural habitat were associated with reductions in wild-bee abundance and diversity. The evidence therefore does not suggest that monoculture is the only reason bees are declining. Rather, large-scale monoculture can simplify agricultural landscapes and interact with other pressures, including pesticides, habitat loss, disease, parasites, and climate change. What Can We Do? Supporting bees is not only the responsibility of farmers. Homeowners, gardeners, communities, businesses, and local governments can all help. Plant native flowers that bloom at different times of the year. Leave some areas natural instead of heavily manicuring every space. Plant trees, shrubs, and hedges for food and shelter. Avoid unnecessary pesticide use. Protect meadows, grasslands, and other natural areas. Support farms that maintain diverse crops and natural habitat. Create pollinator gardens in yards, balconies, schools, and community spaces. The research points to a simple principle: a landscape that produces one crop for a few weeks is not necessarily a landscape that can support pollinators throughout the year. Adding diverse vegetation and protecting natural habitat can help turn agricultural landscapes from seasonal food sources into places where bees can actually live. Sources J. E. Perfecto et al. / Biological Conservation (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.025 Agroecosystem landscape diversity shapes wild bee communities independent of managed honey bee presence (2022) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880921005302 Dolezal et al. (2019), PNAS https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6911205/ Kennedy et al. (2013), Ecology Letters https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12082 Mallinger et al. (2021) Mass-flowering monoculture attracts bees, amplifying parasite prevalence https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8511775/ Pesticides and habitat loss additively reduce wild bees in crop fields (2025), Nature Ecology & Evolution https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-025-02924-z U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Protecting Bees and Other Pollinators from Pesticides https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pollinators https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/conservation-basics/natural-resource-concerns/animals/pollinators #ctdp #Bees #Pollinators #Monoculture #BeeConservation #Biodiversity #SustainableAgriculture #PollinatorConservation #Agroecology #NativePlants #HabitatRestoration #Pesticides #EnvironmentalScience #ConnectingTheDotsproject

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards A List of Cooling Centers During Heat Waves Unprecedented heat waves due to climate change have been reported all over the world this summer. It is extremely important to stay cool, wear sunscreen, and stay hydrated. If you do not have a sufficient cooling system at home, you can stay at a friend's or relative's house, or visit a cooling center. Attached is a list of cooling centers by state. Please keep in mind that not all states offer a directory of cooling centers. It appears to be individually issued by county or city. If you cannot find a cooling center in your area, please call your local municipality for more information. Please feel free to share the file. https://drive.google.com/.../1fF54yonty2ZBviOCRkI.../view ...

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards Microalgae-Based Air Treatment: Learning From Nature to Inspire the Next Generation of Environmental Technology Photo by BioUrban As cities look for new ways to address air pollution and greenhouse-gas emissions, microalgae-based technologies offer an intriguing approach inspired by nature. These systems use living microalgae to process air. With light, the algae absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis while producing oxygen and biomass. Some systems are also designed to capture or reduce certain airborne pollutants. One example is BioUrban , developed by Biomitech. The company describes BioUrban as a microalgae-based air-purification system for urban and indoor environments and states that its systems can address pollutants including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, PM2.5, and PM10. How It Works BioUrban units circulate air through a structure containing microalgae. Light supports photosynthesis, allowing the algae to use carbon dioxide while producing oxygen and biomass. The systems may also retain some pollutants from the air they process. Actual performance depends on factors such as system design, airflow, pollutant concentrations, light, weather, maintenance, and operating conditions. Potential Beyond Air Treatment The idea is interesting not only because of its potential application to air quality, but because it takes a different approach to environmental technology. Instead of relying entirely on increasingly energy-intensive mechanical or digital systems, microalgae can use a natural biological process to interact with the environment. Potential applications include: Localized air treatment: Supporting air-quality efforts in selected urban or indoor locations. Carbon utilization: Using carbon dioxide as part of the algae's biological growth process. Oxygen and biomass production: Creating biomass that may have potential applications in bio-based products and other uses. Environmental monitoring: Some systems incorporate sensors to monitor local air-quality conditions. Research and education: Demonstrating how biological processes can be integrated into engineered environmental systems. What the Evidence Shows Biomitech states that some BioUrban models can remove up to 85% of particulate matter from the air processed by the unit. That figure is important, but it needs to be interpreted carefully. The 85% claim has not been independently verified across different locations and real-world operating conditions based on publicly available evidence we identified. It should therefore be treated as a manufacturer claim, not as evidence that a BioUrban installation can reduce particulate pollution by 85% across an entire street, neighborhood, or city. This distinction does not diminish the potential of the technology. It highlights why independent testing, transparent performance data, and lifecycle assessment are important as these systems develop. Learning From Nature The larger opportunity may extend beyond any individual air-treatment system. Microalgae demonstrate how natural processes can perform useful environmental functions using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. Learning from these processes could inspire a new generation of technologies that work more closely with nature rather than relying solely on additional energy, machinery, and infrastructure. This approach could influence innovation in areas such as carbon management, air and water treatment, resource recovery, biotechnology, and sustainable materials. The goal is not to replace technology with nature. It is to learn from nature and build better technology because of it. The Path Forward Microalgae-based systems still require research, testing, and real-world evaluation. Their effectiveness, scalability, maintenance requirements, resource use, and lifecycle impacts will determine where they can provide meaningful value. At the same time, emerging technologies should not be judged only by whether they can immediately replace existing solutions. They can also be valuable because they introduce new ways of thinking. As environmental challenges become more complex, the next generation of sustainable technology may come from combining engineering with biological systems that have been refining efficient processes for millions of years. Microalgae-based air treatment is one example of that possibility. Microalgae-based systems such as BioUrban offer an intriguing intersection of biology, engineering, and environmental innovation. It reminds us that the most sustainable technology of the future may not always be the one that uses more power to control nature. It may be the one that learns how nature already works. Sources Biomitech, “BioUrban” https://www.biomitech.fr/biourban/ Biomitech, “BioUrban English” https://www.biomitech.fr/biourban-eng/ Solar Impulse Foundation, “BioUrban” https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/biourban ClimateTrade, “BioUrban: The Trees of the Future” https://www.climatetrade.com/en/meet-the-trees-of-the-future-biourban-microalgae-reactors-to-purify-the-air-in-large-cities/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Air” https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-topic/regulatory-and-guidance-information-topic-air “Microalgae: Green Engines for Achieving Carbon Sequestration and Industrial Decarbonization” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12467341/ #Microalgae #BioUrban #Biomimicry #NatureBasedSolutions #SustainableTechnology #GreenTechnology #EnvironmentalInnovation #CleanTechnology #AirQuality #AirPollution #ClimateTech #CarbonManagement #Algae #Sustainability #CircularEconomy #FutureTechnology #EnvironmentalTechnology #NatureInspiredInnovation #ctdp #connectingthedotsproject

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards Understanding PFAS and Potential Soil Contamination Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, known as PFAS, are a large group of manufactured chemicals used since the 1940s because of properties such as resistance to heat, water, oil, and stains. Many PFAS persist in the environment for long periods, which is why they are often called "forever chemicals." PFAS have been used in some stain-resistant and water-repellent products, food packaging, firefighting foams, and industrial applications. Research indicates that exposure to certain PFAS may be associated with health effects including changes in cholesterol, reduced immune response, reproductive and developmental effects, and increased risk of some cancers. However, health effects vary by the specific PFAS, exposure level, duration, and individual circumstances. PFAS in Soil PFAS can enter soil through sources such as firefighting foam releases, industrial activity, contaminated water, disposal practices, and the application of contaminated biosolids. If you suspect PFAS contamination, particularly after firefighting activity, an industrial release, or a known local contamination event, contact your state environmental agency, local health department, or a qualified environmental professional. PFAS testing and interpretation can be complex. There is no single nationwide soil standard that applies to every PFAS and every land use. Avoid digging, moving, or disposing of potentially contaminated soil without appropriate professional guidance because disturbing soil can spread contamination or increase exposure. Soil Remediation The appropriate cleanup method depends on the PFAS present, contamination levels, soil characteristics, groundwater conditions, land use, and applicable regulations. Current field-implemented approaches include: Sorption and stabilization: Materials such as activated carbon can be added to soil to reduce PFAS mobility and limit movement toward groundwater. This approach generally contains or immobilizes PFAS rather than destroying it. Soil washing: Soil washing uses physical separation and extraction processes to concentrate PFAS into a smaller waste stream. It is generally considered a transfer technology rather than a destruction method. Excavation and disposal: Contaminated soil can be removed and transported to an authorized facility. This can reduce contamination at the original site but does not destroy the PFAS. Thermal treatment: Thermal technologies are being studied and used in some applications to treat PFAS-contaminated materials. Their effectiveness depends on the specific technology, PFAS compounds, temperature, treatment time, emissions controls, and verification methods. Thermal treatment should be evaluated and managed by qualified professionals. No single approach is appropriate for every site. EPA and ITRC emphasize the importance of site-specific evaluation and continued research into PFAS treatment and destruction technologies. Gardening Near Potential PFAS Contamination PFAS can enter gardens through contaminated soil, irrigation water, compost or other amendments, and environmental sources. Some PFAS can be taken up by plants, although the amount varies depending on the chemical, crop, soil conditions, and water source. If PFAS contamination is suspected: Consider growing food in raised beds or containers using soil from a reliable, uncontaminated source. Avoid using potentially contaminated well water for irrigation until it has been tested. Avoid using questionable compost, biosolids, or soil amendments. Follow guidance from local environmental and public-health authorities. A layer of clean soil alone may not eliminate a contamination concern. PFAS can move through soil and water, so the appropriate response depends on site-specific conditions. The Bigger Picture PFAS contamination is difficult to address because these chemicals can persist in the environment and move between soil, water, plants, and other parts of the ecosystem. At the same time, research into detection, treatment, destruction, and safer alternatives continues to advance. EPA is supporting research into new approaches for treating PFAS in soil, water, and other environmental media. For communities concerned about PFAS, the most important steps are informed testing, professional assessment, careful soil management, protection of drinking-water sources, and adherence to applicable state and federal requirements. PFAS contamination can be complex, but understanding the potential sources and pathways can help communities make informed decisions. When contamination is suspected, professional testing and site-specific assessment should come before attempting cleanup or growing food in affected soil. Meanwhile, continued research, transparent monitoring, improved treatment technologies, and safer chemical practices can help reduce PFAS exposure and protect communities and ecosystems. Sources 3M, "3M Settlement with Public Water Suppliers to Address PFAS in Drinking Water Receives Final Court Approval" https://investors.3m.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1836/3m-settlement-with-public-water-suppliers-to-address-pfas U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS" https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Interim Guidance on the Destruction and Disposal of PFAS and Materials Containing PFAS" https://www.epa.gov/pfas/interim-guidance-destruction-and-disposal-pfas-and-materials-containing-pfas U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "PFAS Innovative Treatment Team" https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/pfas-innovative-treatment-team-pitt U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "PFAS Thermal Treatment Database" https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/pfas-thermal-treatment-database-pfastt Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, "PFAS Treatment Technologies" https://pfas-1.itrcweb.org/12-treatment-technologies/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Research Grants for Understanding PFAS Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Plants and Animals" https://www.epa.gov/research-grants/research-grants-understanding-pfas-uptake-and-bioaccumulation-plants-and-animals U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Uptake of Perfluoroalkyl Acids Into Edible Crops Via Land Applied Biosolids" https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/documents/508_pfascropuptake.pdf #PFAS #ForeverChemicals #EnvironmentalHealth #SoilContamination #WaterQuality #EnvironmentalProtection #PublicHealth #EnvironmentalScience #Sustainability #CleanWater #SoilHealth #Remediation #Pollution #ChemicalSafety #Gardening #FoodSafety #EnvironmentalAwareness #connectingthedotsproject #ctdp

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards The Artificial Sun on Earth: A New Era of Energy Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak of China Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, or EAST by Hefei Institutes of Physical Science and Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of the world’s most important fusion research machines. Its purpose is not to recreate the Sun itself, but to demonstrate that humans can confine and control superheated plasma long enough to make fusion energy practical. EAST is a research device rather than a power plant, yet it plays a central role in advancing the science that could one day transform global energy systems. Fusion works by combining light nuclei, usually hydrogen isotopes, under extreme heat and pressure. In a tokamak, this plasma is confined using powerful magnetic fields so it never touches the reactor walls. This method, known as magnetic confinement, is one of the leading approaches toward achieving commercial fusion power. Unlike conventional nuclear fission reactors, which split heavy atoms such as uranium, fusion joins light atoms together. Fission is already commercially established, but it produces long-lived radioactive waste and carries the risk of severe accidents if cooling systems fail. Fusion, by contrast, produces no carbon emissions during operation and does not carry the same risk of runaway chain reactions. However, it is not entirely free of waste or technical challenges. A key point often overlooked is that fusion is not only about achieving extreme temperatures. The greater challenge is in maintaining plasma stability, producing sufficient tritium fuel, and developing materials that can withstand intense neutron bombardment over time. Superconducting magnets require cryogenic cooling, while the reactor must also manage extraordinary heat loads. As a result, future fusion systems will contain plasma hotter than the Sun’s core inside equipment cooled to temperatures near absolute zero. Unlike conventional nuclear reactors, a fusion reactor can be shut down very quickly. In most cases, the reaction stops within seconds because it depends on extreme temperature and precise magnetic confinement. If those conditions are disrupted, the plasma naturally cools and the reaction ceases without the risk of a meltdown. Fusion also holds strong environmental potential. Its fuel sources are widely available, with deuterium extracted from water and tritium potentially bred from lithium within the reactor itself. Although fusion produces far less long-lived radioactive waste than fission, future plants will still require careful water use, periodic material replacement, and management of short-lived radioactive activation in reactor components. The significance of EAST lies not in achieving full fusion energy, but in demonstrating sustained plasma control over long durations. This progress represents a critical step toward developing reliable and scalable fusion systems. EAST supports global research efforts rather than supplying electricity to the grid, and its findings contribute to major fusion programs across Europe, Japan, South Korea, India, and the United States. Despite its promise, fusion remains a highly complex and expensive technology. EAST and similar devices continue to face major challenges, including plasma stability, material degradation, tritium fuel management, and the transition from experimental systems to commercial-scale energy production. Watch on NASA Space News: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcZP4_CoYDo Sources: The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak: https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../pii/S2095809921003933 Chinese nuclear fusion reactor pushes plasma past crucial limit: what happens next: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00063-4 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): https://www.iaea.org/topics/fusion-energy U.S. Department of Energy, Fusion Energy Sciences: https://science.osti.gov/fes ITER Organization: https://www.iter.org National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/fusion-energy EUROfusion: https://www.euro-fusion.org

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards The Environmental and Health Risks of Indoor Gas Stoves Gas stoves have long been popular in American kitchens because of their responsive heat control and cooking performance. However, research has raised concerns about the health and environmental effects of burning natural gas indoors. These concerns have led scientists, public health experts, policymakers, and consumers to reconsider the role of gas stoves. The Push for Regulation In early 2023, a U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) commissioner discussed the possibility of regulating gas stoves because of potential health risks. The CPSC did not propose a nationwide ban, but the comments sparked significant political debate. In June 2023, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Gas Stove Protection and Freedom Act, which sought to prevent the CPSC from using federal funds to ban gas stoves or impose certain regulations that could effectively prohibit their sale. At the state and local levels, some governments have adopted restrictions on natural gas connections in new construction. New York, for example, enacted legislation requiring most new buildings to use zero-emission heating systems. The rules do not ban existing gas stoves in homes. Health Concerns When gas burns, it can release pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene and formaldehyde. Research from Stanford University found that gas and propane stoves can raise indoor NO₂ levels significantly, particularly in smaller homes and homes with inadequate ventilation. NO₂ can irritate the respiratory system and worsen asthma. Research has also found an association between gas-stove use and childhood asthma. One meta-analysis estimated that about 12.7% of childhood asthma cases in the United States could be attributable to gas-stove use, although this is an estimate based on population-level research and does not mean that every child living with a gas stove faces the same risk. What Can You Do? If you use a gas stove, you can reduce exposure by: • Using a range hood that vents outdoors while cooking • Opening windows or improving ventilation when appropriate • Using an air purifier to reduce particulate pollution • Considering an electric or induction stove when replacing your appliance • Using electric appliances such as toaster ovens, slow cookers, or electric kettles when practical Induction and electric stoves do not produce combustion pollutants such as NO₂ or carbon monoxide during cooking. The Bottom Line The evidence suggests that gas stoves can contribute to indoor air pollution, particularly when ventilation is poor. You do not necessarily need to replace your gas stove immediately, but good ventilation is important. If you are purchasing a new stove, induction and electric models offer alternatives that eliminate combustion-related indoor pollutants. Sources: Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Climate and Health Impacts of Natural Gas Stoves https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/climate-and-health-impacts-natural-gas-stoves Stanford Report, People with gas and propane stoves breathe more unhealthy nitrogen dioxide https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2024/05/people-with-gas-and-propane-stoves-breathe-more-unhealthy-nitrogen-dioxide Congress.gov , Gas Stove Protection and Freedom Act, H.R. 1615 https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1615 New York State Assembly, Building Electrification Requirements https://www.assembly.ny.gov/write/upload/member_files/076/pdfs/20230629_0106636.pdf #GasStoves #IndoorAirQuality #AirPollution #PublicHealth #ChildhoodAsthma #CleanAir #InductionCooking #ElectricCooking #HealthyHome #HomeSafety #Sustainability #ClimateChange #ctdp #connectingthedotsproject

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards The Growing Threat: How Hackers Can Exploit Solar Panels and the Power Grid Solar power is becoming increasingly connected to the digital systems that monitor, control, and manage the electric grid. That connectivity brings important benefits, but it also creates new cybersecurity risks. The concern is not usually the solar panels themselves. Instead, vulnerabilities can exist in the equipment and software connected to them, including inverters, monitoring platforms, communications systems, and battery controllers. Solar Systems Can Become Cyber Targets In 2025, Forbes reported on vulnerabilities found in solar energy systems, including weak or unchanged default passwords and exposed remote-access systems. In one case, a cybersecurity researcher demonstrated how weaknesses in a solar installation's management equipment could potentially provide access to connected systems. The U.S. Department of Energy has also warned that Internet-connected solar inverters and other distributed energy resources can create cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Because inverters control how electricity from solar systems is delivered to homes and the grid, a successful cyberattack could potentially affect both digital systems and physical electrical operations. The growing number of smaller, distributed systems presents an additional challenge. Unlike large utility-scale facilities, many smaller solar and battery systems are owned and operated by individual customers and may have different levels of cybersecurity protection. The Wider Grid Is Also Under Pressure The risk extends beyond individual solar installations. In 2024, cyberattacks against U.S. utilities increased by 70% compared with the same period in 2023, according to Check Point Research data reported by Reuters. Researchers linked the growing exposure in part to the increasing digitalization of the power sector and the continued use of older software and systems. The increase in attacks does not mean that the U.S. grid is routinely being shut down by hackers. Reuters reported that no major U.S. utility disruption had resulted from these attacks at the time. However, cybersecurity experts have warned that a sufficiently capable and coordinated attack could have much broader consequences. Australia Offers a Warning Australia provides another example of the cybersecurity questions emerging alongside rapid renewable-energy adoption. In 2024, Energy Renaissance CEO Brian Craighead warned that software-controlled home battery systems could present a potential security risk if their communications and control systems were poorly protected. He pointed to more than 250,000 home battery systems in Australia and argued that malicious access to battery-management software could potentially create dangerous conditions. Importantly, these warnings do not mean that Australia's home batteries have been hacked or that 250,000 systems are known to be vulnerable. Rather, they highlight a broader concern: as more household batteries become connected to energy networks, their cybersecurity becomes part of the country's overall energy-security challenge. How Can the Risk Be Reduced? Cybersecurity needs to be considered as part of the design and operation of renewable-energy systems, not added only after problems appear. The Department of Energy recommends measures including multifactor authentication, encryption, security standards, continuous monitoring, and stronger protections for distributed energy resources. For system owners and operators, basic measures can also make a difference: Change default passwords and use strong, unique credentials. Keep firmware and software updated to address known vulnerabilities. Use multifactor authentication whenever it is available. Limit remote access to devices and management platforms. Separate critical energy equipment from other networks where possible. Monitor systems for unusual activity and maintain a plan for responding to a cyber incident. The transition to renewable energy is also becoming a transition toward a more digitally connected energy system. Solar panels, batteries, smart inverters, virtual power plants, and other distributed energy resources can make the grid more flexible and resilient, but their connections also create new points that need to be secured. Cybersecurity, therefore, is becoming an important part of the clean-energy transition itself. Sources U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Cybersecurity DOE Solar Cybersecurity U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Cybersecurity Basics DOE Solar Cybersecurity Basics U.S. Department of Energy, Cybersecurity Considerations for Distributed Energy Resources DOE DER Cybersecurity Report Reuters, Cyberattacks on US utilities surged 70% this year, says Check Point Reuters article Forbes, Now Energy Hackers Can Attack Your Solar Panels, And The Grid Forbes article The Australian, 'Clear and present danger': the dark side of Australia's solar boom The Australian article Australian Senator James Paterson, Call for swift action on 'cheap' Chinese batteries Senator Paterson's statement #SolarEnergy #SolarPower #Cybersecurity #EnergySecurity #SmartGrid #RenewableEnergy #EnergyInfrastructure #BatteryStorage #CleanEnergy #GridSecurity #ClimateTechnology #Sustainability Exploding solar? Battery attack warnings heat up

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards Comparison: central air, window AC, portable AC, and fans Energy Consumption The amount of electricity a cooling device uses depends on its power rating and how long it operates. Watts (W) measure the rate of electricity use, while kilowatt-hours (kWh) measure the amount of electricity consumed over time. Typical power ranges include: Central air conditioning: A central AC system can draw several thousand watts while the compressor and blower are running. A figure such as 3,500 watts (3.5 kW) may be reasonable for some systems, but actual power consumption varies considerably by system size, efficiency, operating conditions, and whether the compressor is running continuously. Window air conditioner: Many window AC units draw roughly 600–1,500 watts , depending on their cooling capacity and efficiency. For example, current ENERGY STAR-certified window units range from relatively low-power models to substantially higher-power units as cooling capacity increases. Ceiling fan: Typically uses approximately 30–50 watts , although actual consumption varies by fan size, motor, and speed setting. Small box fan (≤10 inches): Often uses approximately 25–30 watts at higher speed settings, although the exact amount varies by model. Large box fan (approximately 20 inches): Commonly uses around 50–100 watts , although some models can consume more depending on their motor and speed setting. Important: These numbers represent approximate power draw , not daily electricity consumption. To estimate daily energy use, multiply the device's wattage by the number of hours it operates and divide by 1,000. For example, a 50-watt fan running for 10 hours uses: 50 W × 10 hours ÷ 1,000 = 0.5 kWh How Fans and Air Conditioners Cool You Fans and air conditioners work in fundamentally different ways. Fans do not actually lower the air temperature. Instead, they increase air movement across your skin, which accelerates the evaporation of sweat and can make you feel considerably cooler. Air conditioners actually remove heat from indoor air. They use a refrigeration cycle to transfer heat from inside the building to the outdoors. As part of this process, conventional air conditioners also remove moisture from the air, which can make the indoor environment feel more comfortable. Cooling Efficiency and Safety Fans are generally much more energy-efficient than air conditioners because they use far less electricity. However, their cooling effect is primarily on people, not the room itself. A fan can make you feel cooler while the actual indoor temperature remains unchanged. There are also limits to how effective fans are during extreme heat. The CDC warns that when temperatures reach the mid-90s or higher, electric fans will not prevent heat-related illness. Therefore, when indoor temperatures become dangerously high, air conditioning or another method of actively lowering the indoor temperature is generally safer than relying on a fan alone. This is especially important for older adults, young children, and people who may be more vulnerable to heat. It is also worth noting that there is no universal temperature such as exactly 90°F at which everyone must switch from a fan to air conditioning. Heat risk depends on factors including temperature, humidity, duration of exposure, age, physical activity, and individual vulnerability. The CDC's guidance specifically cautions that fans are not protective against heat-related illness at sufficiently high temperatures. Your Indoor Temperature May Be Very Different From the Weather Report The outdoor temperature reported by a weather service does not necessarily reflect the temperature inside your home. Indoor conditions can be affected by factors such as: Building construction and insulation Sun exposure and window orientation Ventilation Humidity Number of occupants Heat generated by appliances and electronics Outdoor surroundings, including vegetation and paved surfaces Location and floor of the building During a heat wave, your safety should always come first . A fan may be an inexpensive and energy-efficient way to improve comfort, but it should not be relied upon as the sole cooling strategy when indoor temperatures become dangerously high. Stay cool, drink fluids regularly, limit strenuous activity during extreme heat, and use air conditioning or seek a cooler location when necessary. Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Climate Change and Extreme Heat: What You Can Do to Prepare. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/59784/cdc_59784_DS1.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Extreme Heat. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7023/cdc_7023_DS1.pdf ENERGY STAR (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Room Air Conditioners: Key Product Criteria. https://www.energystar.gov/products/room_air_conditioners/key_product_criteria ENERGY STAR (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Certified Room Air Conditioners. https://www.energystar.gov/productfinder/product/certified-room-air-conditioners/results