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Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Recycling code #3: PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is often chosen for its flexibility in plastic food packaging and wrapping. It is also used in a variety of other construction products, such as pipes, window profiles, flooring, and certain packaging materials. Recycling PVC poses challenges due to its chlorine content and the presence of additives like phthalates, which complicate processing. As a result, PVC is less commonly accepted in curbside recycling programs. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back PS (Styrene or polystyrene) Recycling code #6: PS (Styrene or polystyrene) Polystyrene, commonly found in disposable Styrofoam™ drinking cups, takeout containers, packing peanuts, and various other applications, can pose significant environmental and health concerns. While some forms of polystyrene can technically be recycled, most municipal recycling programs do not accept it, leading to its widespread presence in landfills. Additionally, polystyrene is lightweight and breaks down easily into small fragments, making it a major contributor to marine pollution and a hazard to wildlife that may ingest it. It has the potential to release styrene, a substance classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible human carcinogen, especially when heated in a microwave or exposed to hot foods and liquids.** (Those who are wondering how the usage of styrene for disposable cups for hot drinks. Click here for the FDA guidelines.) Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back Other Plastics polycarbonate (PC), acrylic, bioplastics, and mixed plastic blends Plastic Recycling Code #7: Other Plastics Plastics labeled with #7 ("Other") include polycarbonate (PC), acrylic, bioplastics, and mixed plastic blends such as eye glasses. These materials are typically non-recyclable in standard programs due to their varied compositions. ⚠️ BPA in #7 Plastics: Polycarbonate (PC) often contains BPA, which is linked to endocrine disruption. Found in older reusable bottles, canned food linings, receipts, electronics, and medical devices. Many products are now BPA-free, but some replacements (BPS, BPF) may have similar risks. Common Uses:✅ Acrylic (PMMA): Signs, displays, aquariums.✅ Polycarbonate (PC): Bullet-resistant glass, headlights, eyewear.✅ Bioplastics (PLA): Compostable food packaging. ♻️ Recycling: Most #7 plastics are not accepted in curbside recycling but may have specialty programs. Always check locally. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) Recycling code #4: LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) is a versatile and durable plastic known for its flexibility, chemical resistance, and waterproof properties. It is commonly used in the production of plastic bags, as well as shrink wraps, dry cleaner garment bags, and various other products. LDPE is generally considered safe for a wide range of applications and is free from harmful chemicals like BPA and phthalates. However, when used for food storage in high-temperature environments, there is a risk of chemical leaching. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) Recycling code #2: HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) HDPE is extensively utilized for various applications, including milk containers, motor oil containers, shampoos and conditioners, soap bottles, detergents, and bleaches. It's a widely employed plastic and ranks among the safest options. Moreover, HDPE is fully recyclable and commonly repurposed into composite wood or plastic lumber through recycling processes. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back Challenges with large plastics Size & Handling Issues Large plastics (e.g., bins, crates, pipes) do not fit into standard recycling equipment, requiring manual breaking or shredding before processing. Bulky items can jam conveyor belts or overload shredders if not properly pre-processed. Material Composition Many large plastic items are made of reinforced plastics, mixed polymers, or thermoset plastics (which cannot be melted down and reshaped). Fiberglass, carbon fiber, and plastic-metal composites complicate recycling. Collection & Transportation Large plastic waste is difficult to collect and transport efficiently due to its size and weight. Not all municipal recycling programs accept bulky plastics, requiring special drop-off centers . Degradation & Contamination Outdoor plastics (like playground equipment and patio furniture) degrade under UV exposure, making them weaker for recycling . Contaminants (such as embedded metal parts, paints, and coatings) require extra cleaning or removal before recycling. References: Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made." Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. Plastics Recyclers Europe. "Large Plastic Object Recycling." Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back Understanding Resin Identification Codes (RICs) Understanding Resin Identification Codes (RICs) Download the identification chart. The numbered symbols inside triangles on plastic bottles and containers were originally introduced by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) and are now maintained by ASTM International (ASTM D7611). While they were not initially designed as recycling codes, they help sort plastics for recycling purposes. Different municipalities and private recycling companies collect various types of plastics, so it’s essential to check local guidelines. There are seven primary types of plastics. Typically, most recyclers accept plastics labeled as #1 (PET) and #2 (HDPE) . Plastics marked #3 to #6 are more challenging to recycle, though some facilities accept them. #7 plastics encompass a variety of materials, some of which are difficult to recycle or contain additives like BPA. Samples of Embossed Identification Resin identification codes are generally embossed on the bottom of plastic containers. Plastic Types and Their Properties 01 – PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) PET is known for its clarity, strength, and lightweight properties. It is highly recyclable , but primarily designed for single-use applications . Repeated use or exposure to heat can increase the risk of chemical leaching, such as antimony, particularly with acidic or hot liquids. 02 – HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) HDPE is widely used in milk jugs, detergent bottles, and shampoo containers. It is one of the safest and most recyclable plastics, often repurposed into composite wood, plastic lumber, and other products. 03 – PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC is found in plastic food wrapping, pipes, and some medical supplies. Most municipal recycling programs do not accept it. Avoid reusing PVC for food storage, as it may contain harmful chemicals that can leach over time. 04 – LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) LDPE is flexible, resistant to chemicals, and commonly found in plastic bags, shrink wraps, and squeeze bottles. While it is considered safe, exposure to high temperatures may cause chemical leaching. LDPE is recyclable, but many curbside programs do not accept it. 05 – PP (Polypropylene) PP is used in margarine and yogurt containers, chip bags, and straws. It is generally considered safe for reuse and is recyclable in some programs. 06 – PS (Polystyrene) Polystyrene, found in Styrofoam™ cups, takeout containers, and packing peanuts, is lightweight and breaks down into microplastics . While technically recyclable, most municipal programs do not accept it . Styrene , a component of polystyrene, is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible human carcinogen , particularly when heated. 07 – Other (Polycarbonate, Bioplastics, BPA-Containing Plastics) This category includes a mix of plastics such as polycarbonate (PC), bioplastics (PLA), and multi-layer composites. Some #7 plastics contain BPA , which has been linked to endocrine disruption, though not all #7 plastics contain BPA . Common Applications of Polycarbonate (PC): Machinery guards LED light pipes and diffusers Vehicle headlights Bullet-resistant glass Bioplastics such as PLA (Polylactic Acid) , also labeled as #7, are compostable in industrial settings but not recyclable through standard programs. Important Notes Battery Disposal: If plastic items contain battery components, remove and dispose of them in a designated battery recycling bin. Check Local Programs: Recycling rules vary by region, so consult your local waste management facility for specific guidelines. By following proper identification and disposal methods, we can minimize plastic waste and its environmental impact. Sources: ASTM International, EPA, acplasticsinco.com, healthline.com, almanac.com, factsaboutbpa.org Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back PET– Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling code #1: PET– Polyethylene Terephthalate PET is an exceptional plastic, renowned for its exceptional clarity, strength, and lightweight properties. It boasts high recyclability when compared to other plastics. Nevertheless, PET is primarily engineered for single-use applications, and multiple uses can heighten the risk of chemical leaching and bacterial growth. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back Labels and Adhesives How Labels and Adhesives Affect Plastic Recycling Labels and adhesives can significantly impact the recycling process by contaminating plastic streams, reducing material quality, and complicating sorting and processing. 1. Issues Caused by Labels & Adhesives in Recycling - Contamination : Labels, inks, and adhesives can mix with the plastic during processing, degrading the quality of the recycled material. - Sorting Challenges : Non-recyclable labels can prevent proper identification of plastic types. - Residue Formation : Some adhesives do not fully dissolve or separate, leaving sticky residues that affect the melting process. - Processing Difficulties : Adhesives can clog machinery and create inconsistencies in the final recycled product. 2. How Labels & Adhesives Are Removed To ensure high-quality recycled plastic, the following steps are used to remove labels and adhesives: ✅ Mechanical Separation ✅ Washing & Chemical Removal ✅ Floating & Sink Process ✅ Adhesive Selection 3, What can consumers do?: Best Practices for Improving Recyclability Some labels (like shrink sleeves) are manually or automatically removed before shredding. Air classification or flotation techniques separate lightweight labels from heavier plastic. Plastics undergo hot water or chemical washing to dissolve adhesives. Caustic soda (alkaline solution) or surfactants break down adhesives for easier removal. After shredding, plastic flakes are placed in water where different materials separate based on density. Labels often float while heavier plastic sinks, allowing separation. Water-soluble adhesives (e.g., pressure-sensitive adhesives designed for easy removal) improve recyclability. Hot-melt adhesives with low melting points allow better separation. Use wash-off labels that detach in hot water (common in PET bottle recycling). Avoid permanent adhesives that do not dissolve in water-based recycling processes. Use laser-etched markings instead of printed labels to eliminate contamination. Design with compatible materials so labels do not interfere with the plastic’s recyclability. References: Contamination and Residue Formation : Hopewell, J., et al. (2009). "Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2115-2126. Link Pivnenko, K., et al. (2015). "Material cycles and chemicals: challenges in recycling plastic waste." Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6440-6455. Link Mechanical Separation and Washing : Song, Y., et al. (2009). "Recycling technologies for primary and secondary materials in electronic waste." Environmental Engineering Science, 26(2), 251-263. Link Ragaert, K., et al. (2017). "Recycling of multilayer plastic packaging materials: A review." Waste Management, 69, 24-58. Link Adhesive Selection and Best Practices : European PET Bottle Platform (EPBP). "Design for recycling guidelines." Link WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme). "Recyclability by Design." Lin Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards < Back PP (Polypropylene) Recycling code #5: PP (Polypropylene) Polypropylene (PP) is a rigid thermoplastic commonly used in various products, including yogurt containers, food storage containers, laundry baskets, car battery casings, bumpers, and more. While PP is technically recyclable, not all recycling facilities accept it due to sorting and processing challenges. Despite this, PP is generally considered safe for reuse, making it a viable option for reducing plastic waste when handled properly. Previous Next

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards LAND < Back Phytoremediation with Sunflowers: Different Outcomes in Chernobyl and Fukushima Phytoremediation with Sunflowers: Different Outcomes in Chernobyl and Fukushima Phytoremediation, the use of plants to extract contaminants from the environment, has been employed following nuclear disasters to mitigate radioactive pollution. Notably, sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus ) have been utilized after the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents, yielding varying degrees of success due to differences in environmental conditions and implementation strategies. Chernobyl Disaster and Sunflower Phytoremediation The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster released significant amounts of radioactive isotopes, including cesium-137 and strontium-90, into the environment. In the aftermath, researchers explored phytoremediation as a means to decontaminate affected areas. Sunflowers were planted extensively because of their known ability to uptake heavy metals and radionuclides. Studies indicated that sunflowers effectively absorbed these radioactive elements, particularly from waterlogged soils and aquatic systems, thereby reducing contamination levels. athensscienceobserver.com Fukushima Disaster and Phytoremediation Efforts Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, similar phytoremediation strategies were implemented. Sunflowers were planted with the hope of extracting radioactive cesium from the soil. However, the results were less promising compared to Chernobyl. Studies conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan reported that sunflowers did not significantly reduce soil radioactivity levels in the affected areas. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Factors Influencing Differential Outcomes Several factors contributed to the differing outcomes of sunflower phytoremediation in Chernobyl and Fukushima: Timing of Planting : In Chernobyl, sunflowers were introduced years after the disaster, allowing time for certain radionuclides to migrate into water systems where sunflowers could effectively absorb them. In contrast, in Fukushima, sunflowers were planted shortly after the incident, targeting soil-based contamination where radionuclide bioavailability was limited. ua-magazine.com Soil Composition and Chemistry : The soil characteristics in Fukushima, including pH and clay mineral content, may have led to stronger binding of cesium ions to soil particles, reducing their availability for uptake by plant roots. This contrasts with the conditions in Chernobyl, where the soil and environmental factors may have facilitated better uptake of radionuclides by sunflowers. scienceabc.com Genetic Variations in Sunflowers : The specific genotypes of sunflowers used in each location could have influenced their capacity for radionuclide uptake. Variations in genetic makeup can affect a plant's ability to absorb and tolerate contaminants. ua-magazine.com Conclusion While sunflowers have demonstrated potential in phytoremediation efforts, their effectiveness is highly dependent on environmental conditions, soil chemistry, and implementation strategies. The contrasting results between Chernobyl and Fukushima underscore the necessity for site-specific assessments and tailored approaches when employing phytoremediation techniques for radioactive contamination.

Home Our Mission Recycling Plastics Air Water Land Lifestyles Economy & Politics Media & Awards LAND < Back NASA’s EMIT Mission Maps Global Surface Minerals in Arid Regions Be Safe during Heat Waves Cooling Centers Across the U.S. Fall is around the corner, and temperatures are still rising all over the U.S. Unfortunately, global warming is merciless. Do you have a reliable cooling system at home? If not, do you have a plan or place to go in case the temperature rises unbearably hot? If you don't, remember this nationwide list of cooling centers. If you don't see a nearby facility, simply google "cooling center near me." For those with children, elderly people, or health-compromised individuals, ensure they have a cool space to stay. Here is the link. STAY HYDRATED AND SAFE!! https://drive.google.com/.../1fF54yonty2ZBviOCRkInr8.../view